Some loss of bone density is a natural part of getting older but other things can increase your risk whether you are male or female. Some of these you can do something about, but others may be linked to your medical history or genetic makeup.
Having a diet low in calcium and a lack of vitamin D
Having a low intake of calcium in your diet and not getting enough vitamin D (mainly from lack of sunlight or kidney disease) puts people of all ages at risk of low bone density and poor bone health.
Lack of exercise
People who are inactive are also at risk, as weight-bearing physical activity (such as walking, dancing or jogging) helps bone become denser.
Reduced hormone levels – oestrogen and testosterone
In women, the level of the hormone oestrogen decreases after menopause. Over many years, a low oestrogen level causes the inner part of your bones to become thinner, weaker and more brittle (breakable). Having irregular periods or early menopause (before 45 years old, often caused by having your ovaries removed) can also decrease oestrogen levels. In men, too little testosterone in conditions such as primary or secondary hypogonadism can also increase your risk of osteoporosis.
Being female
Women are at a greater risk of developing osteoporosis because of the rapid decline in oestrogen levels during menopause.
Getting older
Bones lose density as we get older and osteoporosis is more common in women over 65 years of age and men over 75.
Genetic factors
A family history of osteoporosis or fractures may mean you have inherited a tendency for lower bone density.
Some medical conditions
Medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, liver disease, coeliac disease, hyperthyroidism, and Cushing’s syndrome can contribute to thinning bones. Having an eating disorder may mean you’re not getting enough, or the right nutrients for maintaining strong bones.
Body weight
Being very thin and unable to put on weight can mean you’re more likely to break a bone if you fall as your bones are not as well cushioned. Your risk of osteoporosis is greater, probably due to general activity being less weight-bearing than it is for people who weigh more.
Some medicines
The ongoing use of some medicines, including anticonvulsants or steroids such as prednisone, can lead to thinning of your bones.
Smoking
Smoking can affect your body’s ability to make new bone, and this applies to being surrounded by smoke even if you don’t smoke yourself. Smoking also reduces the blood flow needed for developing bone and limits how well your body can absorb calcium and vitamin D.
Alcohol
Drinking too much alcohol can cause bone loss and broken bones. Alcohol can make it harder for your body to use vitamin D properly. It may also affect bone formation and increase losses of calcium and magnesium from your body. Also, if you drink too much alcohol you may not be eating well and there’s also an increased risk of falling. People who have more than 2 drinks a day may have a higher risk of low bone density and fractures than non-drinkers.
Can young people get osteoporosis?
Younger people can also be affected by osteoporosis. Younger women with eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia are at higher risk of developing osteoporosis, as are younger women who do so much exercise they stop having periods.