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Preventing falls

Key points about falls and falls prevention

A fall at any age can be dangerous.
Falls become increasingly common and are far more likely to cause injury after the age of 55.
Find out about the likely causes of falls, what you can do to help prevent them and how to plan for what to do if you do have a fall.

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About 1 in 3 people over the age of 65 will fall in any one year. Of these, 4% end up in hospital and 1% suffer a hip fracture.
Falls can have devastating consequences for older adults, particularly those living alone. Along with serious injury or fractures, you face a possible loss of independence and a knock to you confidence.
Falls are also the leading cause of death from unintentional injury for both males and females aged over 75 years.
However, there is plenty you can do to reduce your risk of falling.
You can also make plans for what to do if you do fall and need to get help.

Some people, especially those who have had a fall, restrict what they do because of a fear of falling. While this sounds sensible, reduced activity actually puts you at a greater risk of falling. This is because it causes you to lose muscle strength and coordination.

So you don't get caught in this cycle, keep up the activities you enjoy and do them as safely as possible. The more you do, the more you can do.

Image credit: Subramaniam et al., 2022

Falls are more common as you get older due to:

poor leg strength and impaired balance
side effects from your medications
other medical conditions
eyesight problems
nutritional deficiencies
hazards around the home environment.

You may not notice some these factors developing. Regular check-ups with your doctor are a good way to spot them.

Each year about one-third of all New Zealanders over age 65 will fall at some time. Many of these falls result in broken bones.

You can play a role in preventing falls by doing taking the following steps:

Exercise regularly

Regular exercise is important in preventing falls. Benefits include:

improved balance, muscle strength and flexibility
stronger bones
more energy
better sleep
better control of blood pressure, blood sugar and weight.

Lack of exercise can lead to weak legs, which increases the chances of falling. Any increased exercise is helpful.

General fitness can be improved by walking for 30 minutes most days of the week (or three 10-minute walks). You should work hard enough to breathe harder, but you should still be able to speak easily. Start with 5 minutes a day and build up if you need to.

Programmes designed specifically for balance and muscle strength have been shown to reduce the number of falls and injuries resulting from falls by between 30% and 50%. Modified tai chi classes are some of the most common ones. Tai chi is a gentle, controlled series of movements that help you develop strength, flexibility and balance. Find an exercise class near you here(external link).

If you at risk of falling, have a mobile phone nearby when you exercise. Please also stop exercising if you feel dizzy or are having chest pain, and rest if you need to.

Talk to your doctor before starting or increasing any levels of exercise if you're unsure.

Read more about staying active over 65.

Image credit: Hora Te Pai Health Services

Be mindful of your medicine

Medications, or combinations of medications, may have side effects that can increase the risk of falls.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist to review all your medicines for side effects such as dizziness or drowsiness.
Ask your doctor if there are medicines any that can be reduced or stopped.
As you get older and need more medicines, taking them correctly gets harder, so work out a system to make sure you take the right tablets at the right time.

Read more about medicines and falls risk.

Keep your vision sharp

Poor vision can make it harder to get around safely.
Have your eyes checked every year.
Wear glasses or contact lenses with the right prescription strength.

Read more about eyes and aging and eye tests.

Remove hazards at home

About half of all falls happen at home.
Make your home safer by reducing tripping hazards and clutter, adding handrails and improving lighting.

Follow the home safety checklist below to make sure your home is safe.

Video: Fall Prevention Exercises with Physical Therapist Lora Stutzman

This video may take a few moments to load.

(Johns Hopkins Medicine, US, 2019)

Video: 'We're Not Going to Take it' - Falls Prevention

This video may take a few moments to load.

(Northland District Health Board, NZ, 2014)

Video: Staying safe on your feet at home

In this video, learn how to reduce harm from falls by staying upright and on your feet at home. This video may take a few moments to load.

(Health Quality and Safety Commission, NZ, 2013)

Video: Staying safe on your feet in the community

Thousands of people fall each year. Most of these falls happen in the community and are preventable. This video looks at building strength and flexibility to keep you safe on your feet. This video may take a few moments to load.

(Health Quality and Safety Commission, NZ, 2013)

Video: Falls prevention exercises

This video may take a few moments to load.

(NHS Morecambe Bay CCG, UK, 2021)

Video: Falls Prevention Exercise Programme

This video may take a few moments to load.

(Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, 2020)

Video: Limited mobility exercise video

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(UHD NHS, 2021)

Otago exercise programme

Video: NEW! OTAGO-based Falls Prevention Exercise Program

This video may take a few moments to load.

(GiveFit, US, 2019)

Video: Otago: Falls Prevention Program (Workout #2)

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(GiveFit, US, 2020)

Video: Otago: Falls Prevention Program (Workout #3)

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(GiveFit, US, 2020)

Video: Otago: Falls Prevention Program (Workout #4)

This video may take a few moments to load.

(GiveFit, US, 2020)

Video: Say Go (Steady As You Go© Falls Prevention Exercises)

( Age Concern, NZ, 2020)

About half of all falls happen at home. Make your home safer by reducing tripping hazards and clutter, adding hand-rails and improving lighting. Below are some potential trip hazards at home and how you can overcome them so you are less likely to fall at home.

Home	Issues	Actions
Kitchen	Are the kitchen items you use every day within easy reach?	Make sure they are at easy reach so you are not always stretching or bending too far. Use a hand reacher if needed. Use a safe step-ladder if you need to get things from high places.
Rugs	Are your rugs frayed at the edges, rolled at the corners, wrinkled or lumpy in the middle? Do your rugs slip around when you walk over them?	Make sure you repair, donate or replace them as they will make you trip. If your rugs slip around even just a little bit, make sure you anchor them with anti-slip mats.
Bathroom	Do you have a bathmat or a non-slip mat in the shower or bath? Do you have handrails in your bath or shower for you to hold on? What to do if you feel unsteady or uncomfortable standing in the shower?	Always use a bathmat or a non-slip mat in the shower if needed. Make sure you have handrails installed in your bathroom if you can't get in and out of the bath or shower easily. Use a bath-seat and handheld shower head if you feel unsteady standing in the shower.
Living room	Do you always bump into things if you walk through your house? Can you reach your telephone comfortably from your chair? Are electrical cords running across your walk-ways?	Make sure you remove items or furniture that are unnecessary, or reduce the size of large items to create more clear space. Keep your phone close by at all times or get a cordless phone. Tie and tuck electrical cords under furniture or close to the wall.
Outdoors	Do you need to bend over or stretch for long periods when gardening outdoors? Do the paths outside your home ice up in winter?	Make sure you use lightweight tools or long-handled equipment and avoid heavy lifting when gardening. Always use a handrail and apply salt and sand to an iced path.
Bedroom	Do you get unsteady or unbalanced in the morning? Can you reach the bedside lamp or other things you need easily from the bed? Are you able to touch the floor when sitting on the side of the bed?	Make sure you take your time getting out of bed and don't walk until you are ready. Try to roll onto your side, sit up slowly and then stand. Make sure the bedside lamp or other things you need are within easy reach of the bed. Adjust your bed height if you can't touch the floor when sitting on the side of the bed.
Lighting	Are your lights bright enough but not too bright to create glare off surfaces?	If your lights are not bright enough, up the wattage of your light bulbs. Use nightlights if you need to get up often at night. Use area-lamps in areas where your ceiling lights don't reach.

Credit: Live Stronger NZ

People at risk of falls, or those who have had a fall in the past, may find it useful to have a medical alarm. These can make it easier to remain independent and continue living in your own home, especially if you live alone. They can also offer peace of mind for family members about your ongoing safety.

Medical alarms are usually worn as a pendant or wristband. You can activate the alarm if you have a fall and need medical help but can't get to the phone.

Medical alarms, keeping the phone near ground level and giving friends a spare key are useful precautions you can make in case one day you cannot get up from a fall.

If you have a fall at home stay calm and decide whether to try to get up.

If you can get up:

bend your knees up, roll onto your side, then push up onto all fours
crawl towards a sturdy chair
use this support to help get yourself seated
rest at any time, if you need to and then try again.

If you can't get up:

use your medical alarm if you have one
roll or crawl to the phone on the floor if you don't have an alarm
if you're outside and don't have an alarm, call out to a neighbour if you can.

If you have had a fall, contact your family doctor (GP) as soon as possible. You must get an assessment of strength and balance to prevent further falls.

You can be referred to in-home or community classes to improve strength and balance. Please ask your GP or nurse for details of these. You can also refer yourself here(external link).

Simple tips to prevent falls when you take medicines
Medicines and falls risk
Vitamin D and falls
Falls prevention
Ageing – what is normal and when to seek medical advice
Eyes and ageing
Osteoporosis | Kōiwi ngoikore
Eye examination
Vitamin D
Brain injury
Bones – how to keep them healthy