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Cough and cold medicines – children

Key points about cough and cold medicines for children

Cough and cold medicines help lessen the symptoms of the common cold, such as runny nose and cough. They can't get rid of (cure) a cold, virus or cough.
These medicines can cause serious side effects in young children.
Find out how to use them safely and when to see your healthcare provider.

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Coughs and colds are common in tamariki and most recover without needing much treatment. Read more about cough in children and sore throat in children.

Cough and cold medicines help reduce the symptoms of the common cold, such as runny nose and cough. They don't get rid of (cure) any infection. These medicines can cause serious side effects in young children.

To keep your children safe from harm it’s recommended to NOT use:

decongestant nasal sprays for infants under 2 years of age
over-the-counter cough and cold preparations for children under 6 years of age

If cough preparations are used for children aged over 6 years, follow the dose instructions carefully, don't give more than 1 medicine at a time and don't use for longer than 5 days.

Chest rubs and vapouriser fluids

Chest rubs and vapouriser fluids don’t have any proven benefit AND can be poisonous. The camphor and eucalyptus oil in chest rubs and vapouriser liquids are poisonous and can make children very sick if they swallow them. As little as 2 mL (less than half a teaspoon) of eucalyptus oil can cause significant poisoning in an infant. There have been reports of seizures in children who have swallowed products such as Vicks vapour rub.

Be safe and don't have chest rubs or vapouriser liquids in the house. Read more about vapour rubs and vapouriser fluids.

See your doctor if your child has the following symptoms

is under 3 months old with a fever
are taking less than half of their normal feeds
won’t drink fluids
vomits frequently
is unusually sleepy
has a fever (more than 38.5ºC) for more than 48 hours
isn’t breathing easily or is breathing fast
has a cough that's lasted longer than 4 weeks
has wheezing or whistling in their chest
a cough that started very suddenly (they may be choking)
you're worried they're not getting better.

The information on this page is for cough and cold medicines for children. For information for adults, see our pages on cough medicines for adults and cold and flu medicines for adults.

Medsafe, a unit of Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora, has assessed the safety and effectiveness of cough and cold medicines in children. They have advised the following:

Infants under 2 years of age

Decongestant nasal sprays: Medsafe recommends that parents and carers should not use decongestant nasal sprays or drops that contain oxymetazoline and xylometazoline for children aged under the age of 2 years. Examples are Otrivin®, Sudafed® and Vicks Sinex.

Children 6 years of age or younger

Cough and cold medicines: Medsafe recommends that parents and carers should not use over-the-counter cough and cold medicines for children aged under 6 years. This is because there's:

no evidence that cough and cold medicines work in children
a risk of serious side effects, such as abnormal heart rate, allergic reactions and reduced consciousness in children
a greater risk of accidental overdose so cold and cough medicines may cause more harm than good in young children.

Medicines containing the following ingredients should not be used in children under 6 years of age
bromhexine guaifenesin phenylephrine doxylamine ipecacuanha brompheniramine promethazine	dextromethorphan chlorpheniramine triprolidine pholcodine diphenhydramine pseudoephedrine

Medicines containing the following ingredients should not be used in children under 6 years of age

bromhexine

guaifenesin

phenylephrine

doxylamine

ipecacuanha

brompheniramine

promethazine

dextromethorphan

chlorpheniramine

triprolidine

pholcodine

diphenhydramine

pseudoephedrine

Note: this list includes dextromethorphan and pholcodine which are not available in Aotearoa New Zealand but may be in medicines bought overseas.

Children between 6 and 12 years of age

For children aged between 6 and 12 years, cough and cold medicines can be used, as there's less risk of serious side effects in older children.

The decongestants pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are not suitable for children under 12 years of age. They can cause side effects such as a fast heart rate and poor sleep.

Paracetamol and ibuprofen are not classed as cough and cold medicines and can still be given to children.

Treatment	Description
Paracetamol	Paracetamol is commonly known as Pamol®, Panadol®, Paracare® or Parapaed®. It can be used for the treatment of pain or if your child has a fever (temperature over 38.5°C) and is miserable. Read more about paracetamol in children.
Saline (salt water) nasal spray or nasal drops	Saline can be helpful for clearing blocked noses by thinning the mucus so it's easier to blow or suction out. Putting a few drops of salt water (saline) into their nose just before feeds is a popular option for treating a blocked nose in babies. Some people feel that this helps to clear their nose to make feeding easier. However, there is little scientific evidence about how well this works. You can buy saline products from pharmacies. Read more about saline drops and sprays.
Honey	Honey can act to soothe the throat. It can be given on a teaspoon or given as a warm honey and lemon drink. Honey is not recommended in children under 1 year of age because of the risk of causing infant botulism. Read more about botulism(external link). Lozenges are not recommended in children due to the risk of choking.

If your child has a cough or cold, encourage rest and give lots to drink. If your child has a sore throat, see your doctor or nurse in case they need antibiotics or a throat swab.

Help tamariki to stay healthy and fight off colds and other illnesses by:

making sure your house is warm and dry
keeping your home smokefree – breathing second-hand cigarette smoke increases the risk of asthma, chest infections, ear infections and many other health problems in children
dressing them warmly
feeding them nourishing food
using good hygiene practices, eg, washing hands and covering their mouth and nose with a tissue during coughs and sneezes.