Medicines for Parkinson's

Key points about medicines for Parkinson's

  • Everybody's experience of Parkinson's is different and your healthcare team will work with you to find the best treatments for your particular symptoms.
  • Medicines are usually started when symptoms begin to disrupt your daily life.
  • Depending on your symptoms and responses to medicines, you may need to try a combination of medicines and your medicines may change over time as your symptoms change.
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With Parkinson's, brain cells that produce dopamine stop working properly and are lost slowly over time. Dopamine is a chemical in your brain that helps control movement. The main aim of medication when you have Parkinson’s is to increase the level of dopamine that reaches your brain.

There are many different types of medicines for Parkinson's and most of them work by topping up or mimicking (copying) the effect of dopamine. Read more about Parkinson's.


Video: Parkinson’s drugs explained

Watch this video about how Parkinson’s medicines work.

(Parkinson's UK, 2017)

Levodopa

Levodopa medicines are the medicines most commonly used for Parkinson's.

  • Levodopa is always combined with another medicine (either carbidopa or benserazide) to prevent levodopa from changing to dopamine in your bloodstream before it reaches your brain. This means that more levodopa can enter your brain, causing fewer side effects from dopamine, such as nausea (feeling sick) and vomiting (being sick). 
  • Read more about levodopa + carbidopa and levodopa and benserazide
  • In Aotearoa New Zealand a medicine called Stalevo is available which combines 3 medicines in 1 tablet. Read more about levodopa + carbidopa + entacapone (Stalevo).


Dopamine agonists

  • Ropinirole (Ropin®)
  • Pramipexole (Ramipex®)
  • Apomorphine (Movapo®)
  • Dopamine agonists work by tricking your brain into thinking they are dopamine. They improve movement symptoms. 
  • Apomorphine is often used when pills or capsules no longer work well enough to control Parkinson's symptoms on their own.
  • Read more about ropinirolepramipexole and apomorphine.


COMT inhibitors

  • Entacapone: (Comtan®, Entacapone Viatris®)
  • Tolcapone: (Tasmar®)
  • Entacapone and tolcapone prolong the effects of levodopa by preventing the breakdown of the medicine in your brain. 
  • They have to be taken at the same time as levodopa, otherwise they won't be effective.
  • Read more about entacapone and tolcapone.


MAO-B inhibitors

  • Rasagiline (Azilect®)
  • MAO-B is an enzyme that breaks down dopamine. Rasagiline works by stopping this enzyme so that more dopamine is available to treat your symptoms.
  • This medicine may be suitable if you have mild symptoms.
  • Read more about rasagiline.


Amantadine (Symmetrel®)

  • Amantadine is used to control tremor and stiff muscles.
  • It’s thought to increase dopamine in your brain.
  • Amantadine is a weak dopamine agonist and is usually used with levodopa.

Here are some things to know when you're taking Parkinson's medicines. Other things may be important as well, so ask your healthcare provider what you should know about.


Timing is important

It's important to take your Parkinson’s medicines on time, every time. Not taking your medicines at the right time can lead to your symptoms becoming worse, and it can take a while for this to be put right again.

For best results, take medicines at the same time each day. If you're going to be changing your routine (eg, when going on holiday or into hospital), talk to your healthcare provider so you can plan your medicine schedule beforehand.

If you have trouble remembering when to take your medicines see tips to help you remember to take your medicines regularly. You might find a medication reminder app helpful. 


Keep a medicine and symptoms diary

Keeping a diary can help you to monitor your condition and keep track of your medicines. A diary can be a useful way of letting your doctor know what problems you’re experiencing, any changes in your condition from day-to-day or over a period of time, and how well your medicine is controlling your symptoms.

It can also help remind you of things you want to discuss during your appointment that you may otherwise forget. You can also use it to record any embarrassing issues that you want help with but find difficult to ask about.

Read more about the type of information you might want to keep track of if:


Swallowing problems

Swallowing difficulty can occur at any stage of Parkinson's. This can be a problem when taking your medicines. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have problems swallowing your medicines. They may recommend you see a speech language therapist.

Some medicines should not be broken or crushed and your doctor may switch you to another type of medicine if this is needed. Ask your pharmacist for advice. Read more about difficulty swallowing medicines


Medicines to avoid

Some medicines can bring on Parkinson’s-like symptoms or react with Parkinson’s medicines and should be avoided unless they’re recommended by a specialist.

That's why it's always important to let your healthcare provider know about all the medicines you are taking before starting any new ones. This includes over the counter medicines (eg, antihistamines, cold and cough medicines), herbal supplements and rongoā Māori.


Side effects of Parkinson's medicines

Like any medicines, Parkinson's medicines can give you side effects. If you get side effects from your Parkinson's medicines, tell your healthcare provider.

Common side effects include feeling sick (nausea), light-headedness, leg swelling and sleep problems. Also let them know if you think your medicines are causing confusion, hallucinations or involuntary movements.

Some people have an unusual desire to gamble or engage in other obsessive behaviours. Tell your doctor if you experience any side effects, they may adjust the amount of medicine you take or you may be given another type.

It's important that you don't stop taking your Parkinson’s medicines until you are advised to do so.

The following links provide further information on Parkinson’s medicines.

Getting the most out of your Parkinson's medicines University of Auckland, People With Parkinson's Inc. & Waitemata DHB
Parkinson's treatment(external link) Parkinson's New Zealand


Brochures

Medication used in the treatment of Parkinson's(external link) Parkinson's New Zealand
Medicines and side effects(external link) Healthify He Puna Waiora, NZ, 2024
5 questions to ask about your medications(external link) Health Quality and Safety Commission, NZ, 2019 English(external link)te reo Māori(external link)


Apps

Swallowing difficulty apps
Medication reminder apps


References

  1. The management of Parkinson’s disease – which treatments to start and when?(external link) BPAC, NZ, 2014
  2. Parkinson's disease(external link) NZ Formulary

Brochures

Medicines and side effects
Healthify He Puna Waiora, NZ, 2024

5 questions to ask about your medications

5 questions to ask about your medications

Health Quality and Safety Commission, NZ, 2019 English, te reo Māori

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Credits: Healthify editorial team. Healthify is brought to you by Health Navigator Charitable Trust.

Reviewed by: Stephanie Yee, Pharmacist, Auckland.

Last reviewed: