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Nutrients

Key points about nutrients

Food and drinks are made up of a range of nutrients that you use for energy, growth and maintaining healthy tissues. Good nutrition helps you to function well physically and mentally.
Healthy eating is a choice – your choice. It helps to have a bit of an understanding about what food actually is and what it delivers to your body.

Nutrition is the study of nutrients and the way we process them. Nutrients fall into two main categories:
- macronutrients, which we need in relatively large amounts
- micronutrients, which are mostly needed in small amounts.

Fresh groceries and bread spill out of brown bag onto table

Macronutrients make up the bulk of our diet and are mainly involved in the supply of energy, but are also responsible for other activities.

Macronutrients include:

carbohydrates
proteins (including essential amino acids)
fats, or lipids (including essential fatty acids)
water.

Micronutrients are substances we must get in small quantities from our diet, either because we can’t make them for ourselves or because we can't make them as fast as we need them. They are not used as energy sources, but are necessary to process energy so our cells can use it.

Micronutrients include:

vitamins, which are organic compounds (made from carbon)
minerals which are inorganic (not made from carbon).

Nutrients that the body can make itself, although they may also come from the diet, are considered non-essential. An essential nutrient, however, is one that we can’t make for ourselves in sufficient quantities to meet our needs, so must be obtained from food.

These nutrients include:

minerals
most vitamins
some amino acids (from which proteins are made)
some fatty acids.

Because we can’t make these, we must regularly choose foods that supply them.

Our bodies require a balanced intake of essential, micro- and macro- nutrients to function properly.

Not having the right essential nutrients in our diet can result in various deficiency diseases or other disorders.
Eating more macronutrients than you need can lead to obesity and related disorders.
Excess intake of micronutrients can be toxic, sometimes even fatal.
The balance of various types of nutrients, such as how much unsaturated versus saturated fat is consumed, can influence the development of disorders.

Some people choose to take supplements to increase their vitamin and mineral levels – and in some circumstances this may be sensible.

Studies looking into the value of supplementation are ongoing, and theories about the worth of supplements come and go. There are some studies that suggest taking too many supplements may be harmful.

We need energy for everything we do, including digesting our food, keeping our body tissues working so we can do things like use our muscles, control our temperature, grow and make new tissues. Energy is released from carbohydrates, proteins, fats and, to a lesser extent, alcohol, by a process called oxidation.

The unit of energy is the kilojoule (kJ):

fats yield 37.7 kJ/g
proteins 29.3 kJ/g
carbohydrates 16.7kJ/g
alcohol yields 29.3 kJ/g.

Our personal energy requirements vary with age, gender, body size and activity – so there are different recommendations of how much energy is needed every day for each age and gender group: